37 research outputs found
高分解能ARPESによるトポロジカル超伝導体候補物質TlxBi2Te3およびPb/TlBiSe2の研究
Tohoku University佐藤宇史課
Visualization of Strain-Induced Landau Levels in a Graphene - Black Phosphorus Heterostructure
Strain-induced pseudo magnetic fields offer the possibility of realizing zero
magnetic field Quantum Hall effect in graphene, possibly up to room
temperature, representing a promising avenue for lossless charge transport
applications. Strain engineering on graphene has been achieved via random
nanobubbles or artificial nanostructures on the substrate, but the highly
localized and non-uniform pseudomagnetic fields can make spectroscopic probes
of electronic structure difficult. Heterostructure engineering offers an
alternative approach: By stacking graphene on top of another van der Waals
material with large lattice mismatch at a desired twist angle, it is possible
to generate large strain-induced pseudo magnetic fields uniformly over the
entire heterostructure. Here, we report using nano-angle resolved photoemission
spectroscopy (nano-ARPES) to probe the electronic bandstructure of a
graphene/black phosphorus heterostructure (G/BP). By directly measuring the
iso-energy contours of graphene and black phosphorus we determine a twist angle
of 20-degrees in our heterostructure. High-resolution nano-ARPES of the
graphene bands near the Fermi level reveals the emergence of flat bands located
within the Dirac cone. The spacing of the flat bands is consistent with Landau
level formation in graphene, and corresponds to a pseudo-field of 11.36 T. Our
work provides a new way to study quantum Hall phases induced by strain in 2D
materials and heterostructures
Crossover from 2D ferromagnetic insulator to wide bandgap quantum anomalous Hall insulator in ultra-thin MnBi2Te4
Intrinsic magnetic topological insulators offer low disorder and large
magnetic bandgaps for robust magnetic topological phases operating at higher
temperatures. By controlling the layer thickness, emergent phenomena such as
the Quantum Anomalous Hall (QAH) effect and axion insulator phases have been
realised. These observations occur at temperatures significantly lower than the
Neel temperature of bulk MnBi2Te4, and measurement of the magnetic energy gap
at the Dirac point in ultra-thin MnBi2Te4 has yet to be achieved. Critical to
achieving the promise of this system is a direct measurement of the
layer-dependent energy gap and verifying whether the gap is magnetic in the QAH
phase. Here we utilise temperature dependent angle-resolved photoemission
spectroscopy to study epitaxial ultra-thin MnBi2Te4. We directly observe a
layer dependent crossover from a 2D ferromagnetic insulator with a bandgap
greater than 780 meV in one septuple layer (1 SL) to a QAH insulator with a
large energy gap (>100 meV) at 8 K in 3 and 5 SL MnBi2Te4. The QAH gap is
confirmed to be magnetic in origin, as it abruptly diminishes with increasing
temperature above 8 K. The direct observation of a large magnetic energy gap in
the QAH phase of few-SL MnBi2Te4 is promising for further increasing the
operating temperature of QAH materials
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Insights in improving food safety in smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam. ILRI Policy Brief 38
Biological contamination of pork Salmonella was found in all retail types leads to high-risk for consumers in Vietnam.
• Strengthened hygiene practices in traditional markets is important to improve pork safety.
• Incentive and simple interventions developed by the SafePORK project can improve food safety in slaughterhouses and traditional pork retail and are scalable.
• Consumers expressed a high demand for pork sold by more hygienic shops and are ready to pay a premium.
• Alternative solutions to replace antimicrobials in pig fattening showed promising results from a pilot supporting the government’s roadmap towards prudent use of antimicrobials and reducing antimicrobial resistance in livestock
Epidemiology of facial fractures: Incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
Background: The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) has historically produced estimates of causes of injury such as falls but not the resulting types of injuries that occur. The objective of this study was to estimate the global incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to facial fractures and to estimate the leading injurious causes of facial fracture. Methods: We obtained results from GBD 2017. First, the study estimated the incidence from each injury cause (eg, falls), and then the proportion of each cause that would result in facial fracture being the most disabling injury. Incidence, prevalence and YLDs of facial fractures are then calculated across causes. Results: Globally, in 2017, there were 7 538 663 (95% uncertainty interval 6 116 489 to 9 4
Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017
© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this study, we aimed to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases globally, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on geographical and time trends from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we estimated the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality attributable to chronic respiratory diseases through an analysis of deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) by GBD super-region, from 1990 to 2017, stratified by age and sex. Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. We also assessed the contribution of risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke, ambient particulate matter and ozone pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks) to chronic respiratory disease-attributable DALYs. Findings: In 2017, 544·9 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 506·9–584·8) worldwide had a chronic respiratory disease, representing an increase of 39·8% compared with 1990. Chronic respiratory disease prevalence showed wide variability across GBD super-regions, with the highest prevalence among both males and females in high-income regions, and the lowest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The age-sex-specific prevalence of each chronic respiratory disease in 2017 was also highly variable geographically. Chronic respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in 2017 (7·0% [95% UI 6·8–7·2] of all deaths), behind cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths due to chronic respiratory diseases numbered 3 914 196 (95% UI 3 790 578–4 044 819) in 2017, an increase of 18·0% since 1990, while total DALYs increased by 13·3%. However, when accounting for ageing and population growth, declines were observed in age-standardised prevalence (14·3% decrease), age-standardised death rates (42·6%), and age-standardised DALY rates (38·2%). In males and females, most chronic respiratory disease-attributable deaths and DALYs were due to COPD. In regional analyses, mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases were greatest in south Asia and lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, also across both sexes. Notably, although absolute prevalence was lower in south Asia than in most other super-regions, YLLs due to chronic respiratory diseases across the subcontinent were the highest in the world. Death rates due to interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis were greater than those due to pneumoconiosis in all super-regions. Smoking was the leading risk factor for chronic respiratory disease-related disability across all regions for men. Among women, household air pollution from solid fuels was the predominant risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, while ambient particulate matter represented the leading risk factor in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, and in the Middle East and north Africa super-region. Interpretation: Our study shows that chronic respiratory diseases remain a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with growth in absolute numbers but sharp declines in several age-standardised estimators since 1990. Premature mortality from chronic respiratory diseases seems to be highest in regions with less-resourced health systems on a per-capita basis. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality : methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
Background While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.Peer reviewe